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Layer1

Layer 1 refers to the base level of a blockchain network, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, or Solana, which settles transactions without relying on another network. These protocols provide the underlying security and consensus for the entire ecosystem. In 2026, the L1 landscape focuses on monolithic vs. modular architectures, with high-performance chains like Aptos and Sui pushing the boundaries of parallel execution. This tag explores the evolution of decentralized infrastructure, network security, and the foundational assets driving the Web3 economy.

133 Articles
Created: 2026/02/02 18:52
Updated: 2026/02/02 18:52
CyberCharge Joins Forces with ICB Network to Democratize Scalable, Cost-efficient Web3 Smart Charging Access

CyberCharge Joins Forces with ICB Network to Democratize Scalable, Cost-efficient Web3 Smart Charging Access

By partnering with ICB Network, CyberCharge advances the functionality of its DePIN. This enables it to democratize Web3 charging access and empower users.

Author: Blockchainreporter

2025/11/24

Cardano ($ADA) is a Ghost Chain: Why Its Investors Are Fleeing to Digitap ($TAP) Crypto Presale

Cardano ($ADA) is a Ghost Chain: Why Its Investors Are Fleeing to Digitap ($TAP) Crypto Presale

Digitap gains momentum as crypto rotates to real utility. With live banking features and rapid presale growth, TAP outshines fading layer1 projects.

Author: Blockchainreporter

2025/11/21

Study Shows Android Vulnerabilities Can Take Up to 5 Years to Fully Fix

Study Shows Android Vulnerabilities Can Take Up to 5 Years to Fully Fix

This article analyzes nearly a decade of Android CVEs, revealing that vulnerabilities often take 3–5 years to fully resolve. Native system components and kernel code account for most fixes, while human history, code complexity, and modification patterns are key predictors of vulnerability-inducing changes.

Author: Hackernoon

2025/11/19

Zero Knowledge Proof – The One L1 That Solves the Quantum Puzzle

Zero Knowledge Proof – The One L1 That Solves the Quantum Puzzle

The blockchain space has always forced a choice: Do you want privacy, or do you want speed? Do you want Layer1 security, or do you want cross-chain connections? Users and developers have been forced to pick their poison, settling for single-purpose networks that only solve one piece of the puzzle.  Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) is [...] The post Zero Knowledge Proof – The One L1 That Solves the Quantum Puzzle appeared first on Blockonomi.

Author: Blockonomi

2025/10/30

The crypto sector generally fell back, with the Layer2 sector leading the decline by over 4%.

The crypto sector generally fell back, with the Layer2 sector leading the decline by over 4%.

PANews reported on October 28th that, according to SoSoValue data, various sectors of the crypto market experienced a slight pullback after a period of continuous growth. The Layer 2 sector led the way with a 4.46% 24-hour decline. Within the sector, Mantle (MNT) fell 5.43%, Zora (ZORA) dropped 7.58%, and Merlin Chain (MERL), which had previously seen significant gains, dropped 16.80%. Additionally, Bitcoin (BTC) fell 0.80%, pulling back to $114,000. Ethereum (ETH) dropped 1.43%, falling below the $4,200 mark. In other sectors, the CeFi sector fell 0.35% in 24 hours, of which Aster (ASTER) fell 8.44%; the PayFi sector fell 0.86%, and Ultima (ULTIMA) was relatively strong, rising 5.36%; the Layer1 sector fell 1.33%, but Hedera (HBAR) rose 6.05%, which may be affected by the expected listing of the HBAR spot ETF on the Nasdaq on Tuesday; the Meme sector fell 2.73%, and within the sector, MemeCore (M) and OFFICIAL TRUMP (TRUMP) rose against the trend by 4.90% and 9.96% respectively; the DeFi sector fell 2.86%, and Uniswap (UNI) fell 4.70%.

Author: PANews

2025/10/28

Cryptocurrency sectors rose across the board, with ETH up over 6% and BTC breaking through $115,000

Cryptocurrency sectors rose across the board, with ETH up over 6% and BTC breaking through $115,000

PANews reported on October 27th that according to SoSoValue data, all sectors of the crypto market saw gains. Ethereum (ETH) rose 6.11% in the 24-hour period, briefly breaking through the $4,200 mark. Bitcoin (BTC) rose 3.19%, reaching over $115,000. Furthermore, the DeFi sector rose 5.89%, with Uniswap (UNI), Ethena (ENA), and Curve DAO (CRV) rising 10.12%, 10.71%, and 12.11%, respectively. Other sectors that performed well include the Layer2 sector, which rose 5.81% in 24 hours, of which Mantle (MNT) rose 8.48% and BSquared Network (B2) rose 21.36%; the Meme sector rose 5.39%, SPX6900 (SPX) and Pump.fun (PUMP) rose 10.94% and 17.15% respectively. In other sectors, the Layer1 sector rose 4.49%. Within the sector, Zcash (ZEC) rose sharply by 29.19%, the CeFi sector rose by 3.09%, and Hyperliquid (HYPE) rose by 9.41%; the PayFi sector rose by 2.43%, and Dash (DASH) rose sharply by 27.68%.

Author: PANews

2025/10/27

Base to start supporting ‘private transactions’

Base to start supporting ‘private transactions’

Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong says his team is in the process of building private transactions that would enable users to control who gets to see their on-chain activity. In a recent post, Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong quoted another X user’s…

Author: Crypto.news

2025/10/22

On-chain AI: The Fourth Revolution of Crypto

On-chain AI: The Fourth Revolution of Crypto

Preface: Since the birth of Bitcoin, the Crypto industry has roughly undergone three revolutions. The so-called revolution is a subversion of the past and the creation of new paradigms and new species that have never appeared before. Every revolution in the history of Crypto has greatly promoted the development of the industry and brought about explosive growth that lasted for a cycle. This cycle (2022-2025) is at the end of the third Crypto revolution and on the eve of the fourth revolution. Therefore, we have seen the most embarrassing Crypto cycle: the entire industry lacks decent innovation, and the entire cycle is eating the leftovers of the third Crypto revolution. Although some people have already seen the vague appearance of the fourth Crypto revolution, on the eve of the revolution, everything seems dull and depressed. This article will begin by discussing three revolutions in the history of cryptocurrencies, and conclude with a discussion of the fourth revolution and the significant impact it will have on the entire industry. I believe that after reading this article, you will once again be filled with longing and hope for the future of cryptocurrencies. text: The first Crypto revolution broke out on January 3, 2009, the birth day of Bitcoin. The birth of Bitcoin revolutionized traditional asset management. For the first time, Bitcoin allowed humans to own fully autonomous assets that were not controlled by any third party. Bitcoin ushered in the Crypto era and was the first revolution in Crypto history. In the few years after the birth of Bitcoin, many Bitcoin clones (later collectively referred to as altcoins) issued through forked Bitcoin codes appeared in the crypto industry, such as Litecoin, Dogecoin, and altcoins that many people are no longer aware of, such as Feathercoin, Dotcoin, Namecoin, etc. However, these are simple imitations and copies of Bitcoin without any innovation. It wasn’t until six years later that Ethereum introduced smart contracts into the blockchain, allowing it to be used not only for transfers and payments, but also for issuing assets and building on-chain applications. Ethereum has transformed the application scenarios of blockchain technology from point to surface, and even into three-dimensional. Compared with Bitcoin, Ethereum is a new paradigm and a new species. Compared to Bitcoin, Ethereum is a revolution at the infrastructure level. Therefore, we call the birth of Ethereum the second revolution of Crypto. All smart contract public chains after Ethereum are imitations or improvements of Ethereum and have not brought about any essential changes. From the birth of the Bitcoin Genesis Block (January 3, 2009) to the launch of the Ethereum mainnet (July 30, 2015), it took a full six years for Crypto to complete two revolutions. The third Crypto revolution occurred five years later in 2020. In the summer of 2020, DeFi exploded. After years of application exploration, the Crypto industry has finally discovered a unique new species that can only grow on the blockchain network - DeFi. Decentralized bank (AAVE), decentralized exchange (Uniswap), decentralized foreign exchange market (Curve), decentralized fund (Yearn), etc. DeFi is a revolution in traditional finance and a culmination of the characteristics of blockchain technology. DeFi runs on the blockchain. Therefore, DeFi data is completely transparent and open (the review cost is lower than that of traditional finance), settlement is carried out in real time on the chain (settlement efficiency is higher than that of traditional finance), and it is entirely operated by smart contracts (the operating cost is lower than that of traditional finance and the credibility is higher). Moreover, DeFi operates on the blockchain 24/7 and without borders (DeFi once again crushes traditional finance in time and space). Therefore, DeFi can be called the third revolution of Crypto, and this revolution is a revolution at the application level of Crypto. From 2020 to 2025, the crypto industry has been in the midst of its third revolution, with no new species emerging that surpass DeFi. The recent emergence of decentralized principal and interest separation protocols (Pendle) and decentralized contract exchanges (Hyperliquid) are merely continuations of the DeFi paradigm. The PumpFun model is nothing more than an innovative combination of Curve Bonding and Decentralized Exchanges (DEX), an extension of DeFi. When there is no disruptive innovation in the industry and no new revolution breaks out, it can only rehash leftovers and reinvent the wheel. The industry will show stagnation of innovation and stagnation, which is also a fact that everyone can feel in this round of encryption cycle. So, when will the fourth revolution happen in the Crypto industry? Will the fourth Crypto revolution appear in this form? The first Crypto revolution brought Crypto from nothing to something; the second Crypto revolution improved the Crypto infrastructure; the third Crypto revolution determined that DeFi is the main application paradigm of Crypto, and on-chain finance (DeFi) has become the best bridge for Crypto to extend to the human world. It can be said that after three revolutions, Crypto has gradually matured and improved. Crypto no longer lacks infrastructure or exploration of application directions. If Crypto wants to prosper further, it must build a more prosperous economic network on top of the existing on-chain financial infrastructure. To put it bluntly, Crypto needs further prosperity, which means it needs more on-chain users and more frequent on-chain economic activities. It needs an on-chain population explosion to drive the continued prosperity of the on-chain economy. So, how do we achieve a population explosion on the chain? Can we encourage more people to use Crypto? Currently, the total number of blockchain users worldwide is about 560 million, while the global population with bank accounts is about 4.86 billion. Even if everyone with a bank account in the world uses blockchain for financial activities, the growth space is less than 10 times (and this is just an extreme value. In reality, the growth space may be less than 2-3 times). Therefore, it is obviously not wise to rely on the slow growth of human users to promote the prosperity of the on-chain economy. So let’s focus on another group that is growing exponentially and explosively – AI. Today, AI is developing rapidly, and in the future the number of AIs will surpass the number of humans (both Elon Musk and Ultraman have said so). For AI to become AGI (general AI with autonomous capabilities), it must have an independent and trusted identity and account system. Currently, no organization in the world can issue a globally trusted identity card or bank account to AI, but Crypto can naturally do so. Therefore, Crypto will undertake the historical mission of building identity and asset accounts for AI, and AI will also become the largest user group of Crypto, which we call on-chain AI. The large amount of economic transactions, business interactions, and social collaborations between on-chain AIs will form an on-chain AI economy, thereby achieving true on-chain economic prosperity. On-chain AI is naturally more suitable for blockchain than on-chain humans. AI can work 24/7, and so can blockchain; AI's business dealings are not restricted by regions or national boundaries, and so is blockchain; AI's collaborative efficiency requirements are extremely high, and blockchain is just the right fit (all payments, transactions, and task processing on the chain are completed in real time and are extremely efficient). Therefore, on-chain AI will be the fourth revolution that promotes the prosperity of Crypto again. We call it the on-chain population explosion or the on-chain population growth revolution. However, achieving autonomous AI on the chain and realizing economic prosperity on the chain cannot be done overnight. The most critical and first step is to achieve trusted verification of AI on the chain. In other words, how to verify that the identity of AI on the chain is credible, and that the input and output of AI on the chain are credible and verifiable? Trusted verification of on-chain AI is the first priority for achieving great prosperity of the on-chain AI economy. The same is true for all human economic activities; everything must be built on a foundation of trust. Personal identities, asset information, and business practices all need to be trustworthy. Otherwise, human commercial civilization and economic prosperity are empty talk. This is what is meant by "integrity is the foundation of all business." Similarly, the prosperity of the on-chain AI economy also needs to be built on a foundation of trusted verification. Therefore, whoever can solve the problem of trusted verification of AI on the chain can start the prosperity of AI economy on the chain. Start the fourth Crypto revolution. It is worth noting that many outstanding entrepreneurs have begun to explore the issue of trusted verification of AI on the chain. Currently, there are two mainstream directions: One direction is to build a proprietary AI Layer 1 so that all on-chain AI standards and applications are built on the same infrastructure. Typical representatives of AI Layer1 are @0G_labs and @bittensor. 0G mainly builds the AI DA layer, verifies data integrity and fast retrieval through multi-consensus, thereby ensuring the credibility of AI data sources. As a proprietary AI Layer 1, 0G focuses on AI data storage and access (such as AI model training data sets). ,0G only verifies data rather than AI output/agent, and does not directly handle AI Agent behavior. Bittensor emphasizes building large AI models through decentralized incentives and optimizing machine learning with a subnet incentive model. Its advantage lies in standardized and unified systems, but its disadvantage is incompatibility with AI built using external large models. Bittensor's logic uses blockchain to build AI models. Its advantage lies in vertical specialization, enabling trusted verification of AI within the ecosystem, but its disadvantage is incompatibility with external AI models. Another direction is to directly build an AI trusted verification network to directly verify the input and output processes of AI and be compatible with all external AI models. Typical representatives here are @Mira_Network and @DeepSafe_AI. Mira achieves consensus and factual consistency through multi-model cross-validation, then uses community nodes to participate in final arbitration. This is then proven through on-chain records, ultimately achieving trusted AI verification. Mira's approach to trusted AI verification is a social consensus method based on cross-validation and community arbitration, which places greater emphasis on verifying AI output. Deepsafe uses CRVA (Crypto Random Verification Agent) built through four cryptographic technologies: Ring-VRF random algorithm, ZKP, MPC privacy computing, and TEE hardware isolation, to achieve dynamic random selection of nodes (rotation every 10-60 minutes), multi-agent collaboration to verify AI intentions and behaviors, and support on-chain/off-chain AI message verification. This AI trusted verification solution that relies entirely on cryptography and mathematics is called mathematical consensus method, and Deepsafe emphasizes the verification of AI input and output processes. The above are the two mainstream directions and representative projects in the AI trusted verification market. To sum it up simply, the AI Layer 1 faction represented by @0G_labs and @bittensor achieves trusted verification of AI data through a unified standard AI base layer; while the AI trusted verification network represented by @Mira_Network and @DeepSafe_AI directly targets the input and output of AI verification, achieving trusted verification of AI through social consensus or mathematical consensus methods. It is difficult to say now which of these two schools will become the mainstream AI trusted verification solution in the future. However, it is obvious that the AI trusted verification market - ATVM (AI Trusted Verification Market) is gradually opening up, and more and more outstanding entrepreneurs have flocked to this track. I believe that as the AI trusted verification market grows, more and more trusted AI will run on the blockchain. Currently, there may only be a few hundred thousand or even millions, but in the future, on-chain AIs will outnumber humans on the blockchain by several times the number. They will become the mainstream users of the blockchain, generating a vast amount of on-chain business transactions and commercial activities between on-chain AIs and humans, and between on-chain AIs themselves, ultimately fostering a truly prosperous on-chain economy. Perhaps, in the next 3-5 years, people will see a great boom in the on-chain AI economic network, and people will call this process of exploring the trusted verification of on-chain AI the fourth Crypto revolution. The concepts mentioned in this article, such as on-chain AI, AI trusted identity and account system, blockchain as AI's identity and account system, and AI as blockchain's largest user group, have already been elaborated in my 250,000+ read article earlier this year: "Crypto + Agent: Endgame Thinking." For more information, please click here : https://x.com/Cyrus_G3/status/1875439092902850569

Author: PANews

2025/10/21

The crypto sector fell for three consecutive days, with the DePIN sector leading the decline by more than 7%, and ETH fell below $4,000.

The crypto sector fell for three consecutive days, with the DePIN sector leading the decline by more than 7%, and ETH fell below $4,000.

PANews reported on October 17th that according to SoSoValue data, crypto markets across the board saw declines. Decrypt led the way with a 7.18% 24-hour drop. Within the sector, Render (RENDER) fell 7.05%, and Filecoin (FIL) dropped 7.58%. Additionally, Bitcoin (BTC) dropped 2.19%, falling below $109,000. Ethereum (ETH) fell 2.14%, falling below $4,000. In other sectors, the PayFi sector fell 3.03% in 24 hours. Within the sector, Monero (XMR) and Telcoin (TEL) fell 6.56% and 9.94% respectively; the CeFi sector fell 3.08%, of which Cronos (CRO) fell 8.03%; the Layer1 sector fell 3.71%, and Sui (SUI) fell 7.62%; the Layer2 sector fell 3.74%, but Zora (ZORA) rose against the trend by 18.68%; the DeFi sector fell 3.81%, Aave (AAVE) fell 7.58%; the Meme sector fell 4.43%, and Pump.fun (PUMP) fell 11.13%.

Author: PANews

2025/10/17

Halborn and VerifiedX Partner to Strengthen Layer 1 Security

Halborn and VerifiedX Partner to Strengthen Layer 1 Security

The post Halborn and VerifiedX Partner to Strengthen Layer 1 Security appeared on BitcoinEthereumNews.com. The VerifiedX (VFX) Network the people’s network, a fully decentralized and deflationary layer 1 blockchain and Halborn, the award-winning blockchain cybersecurity firm, have announced a strategic partnership focused on strengthening the core security, audit transparency, and resilience of the VerifiedX protocol. The collaboration will encompass comprehensive auditing of all core code, including consensus mechanisms, peer-to-peer validator services, and the overall network security posture of the VerifiedX Layer 1 ecosystem. Ongoing Collaboration and Community Program Beyond initial audits, the partnership establishes a long-term joint security program that includes: Continuous code review and monitoring of future upgrades Smart-contract audits for ecosystem and projects building on VerifiedX A bug-bounty advisory program incentivizing community-driven vulnerability reporting Shared research and threat-intelligence collaboration for proactive security innovation “Security builds trust, and trust drives DeFi. Our partnership with VerifiedX reinforces the effort to make decentralized ecosystems and their blockchain foundations safer for everyone“ – Gabi Urrutia, SVP Security & Field CISO Partnering with Halborn ensures VerifiedX remains one of the most secure and transparently audited Layer 1 blockchains in the industry. The collaboration extends far beyond auditing code as it is creating an evolving standard of integrity and protection for the decentralized economy as the benchmark for security. About Halborn Halborn is the industry-leading blockchain security solutions firm for enterprise-grade digital assets, trusted by the top financial institutions and blockchain ecosystem leaders. Experience world-class, end-to-end security, from smart contract auditing and pen testing to advisory services and beyond. Halborn’s Past and current clients include Circle, Coinbase, Unisawp, Solana, Animoca Brands, and Grayscale among others.   About VerifiedX VFX (VerifiedX.IO) is the people’s network, a next-generation  decentralized protocol that is both a universal layer 1 and a Bitcoin specific sidechain / reliever chain, focused on trust, transparency, and deflationary economics. With a fully mined supply and all network fees…

Author: BitcoinEthereumNews

2025/10/16

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